Nursing Breastfeeding Practices Among Working Women

Question: Describe about the Nursing for Breastfeeding Practices Among Working Women. Answer: Article 1 Critique: Breastfeeding Experiences among Taiwan Nurses Article Prepared by Wu, Kuo and Lin (2008) The title, Breastfeeding experiences among Taiwan Nurses fully describe the article. It concisely describes the breastfeeding experiences that nurses faced during their shifts in a comprehensive manner (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). The title suggested all the key variables like breastfeeding, rotational shifts and nurses in order to undertake the study. The abstract of the article clearly summarizes the main features of the research paper by stating the aim of the article which was to describe the experiences of ten three-shift nurses and how they made the breastfeeding arrangements (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). The methodology is well described, that is, the qualitative approach was used and data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The findings and the conclusion of the article are brought out clearly in the abstract. However, the problem statement is not stated in the abstract. In the introduction, the researcher brought out the problem statement quite clearly. There was a low rate of women who breastfeed their babies exclusively up to the recommended age of six months. This is because there are places where nurses who breastfeed still go to work even in nightshifts. The result is that nurses at Taiwan have problems in striking a balance between working and breastfeeding (Friedrich, 2016).The problem statement builds a cogent and persuasive argument to come up with results of the experiences the nurses at Taiwan have. The problem statement in the research is definitely having a great significance in nursing and especially for the nurses and the advice they would offer to their female counterparts. The introduction does not give a good match between the research problem and the methods that were used to carry out the study The article has a rigorous study design. Qualitative methods were used to get information about breastfeeding experiences from10 postpartum females. The study design provided a good comparison of the nurses personal experiences, key phrases, self-stories and other statements that directly related to the phenomenon in question (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). The study design was appropriate in that it reduced the external validity and threats that could occur. According to the researcher, the techniques were considered to be appropriate in verbalization of a variety of past experiences and beliefs. In Sampling and testing, the researchers sufficiently chose a sample population that would give the required information. This was done by categorizing the chosen sample into; nurses working in rotational shifts, nurses that had been breastfeeding for six weeks and nurses that were breastfeeding in their first pregnancy (Friedrich, 2016). A snowball approach was used in the recruitment of the participants in order to improve the representativeness of the samples and reduce biases (Artzi-Medvedik, Chertok and Romem, 2011). The size of the sample was also adequate to give the correct information. The data collection process clearly had the operational and conceptual definitions that were congruent. The key variables were put into operation through interviews that were fully exhausted for 1.5 to 2 hours as the researchers explain. The interviews were also repeated in case there was an interruption by family members (Onis, 2007). Sufficient details were obtained from the nurses as they were left to read and check terms in verbatim drafts. According to the purpose of the study, that is, to develop insights into the impact of work variables on breastfeeding experiences on shift work nurses; there was adequate use of scientific instruments in data collection. This included carrying out of interviews pseudonymously to protect the identity of every participant. The report provided evidence that the methods used yielded valid data that can highly be relied on for the sample size was sufficient for saturation. The procedure adequately described the three-step process and how participants were interviewed at a time. There were interventions during the interviews but they were not adequately described in the article (Onis, 2007). There was proper implementation of re-interviewing the nurses in case the interviews were interrupted by a family member. Data was collected in every way to minimize bias because the sample sizes were adequate for saturation, up to a point that data collection did not yield new insights. The findings were presented with supporting arguments. Nurses found appropriate time to express milk, solving the dilemma between taking care of patients and expressing their breast milk (Netshandama, 2012).The findings lacked presentation in a summarized way with use of excerpts in the findings. It would have been better if the findings were presented in figures and tables. The themes in the findings sought to capture the meaning of the data and the researcher satisfactorily conceptualized the themes developed from the analysis (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). In the discussion, there is interpretation of the major findings that are interpreted within the context of the studys framework. Interpretations of the results are also consistent with the study and study limitations (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). The discussion draws casual inferences. One of the conclusions derived was that despite the nurses working conditions, all the females shared the same breastfeeding conditions. Article 2 Critique: Emerging Breastfeeding Trends among Singaporean Women Article prepared by Foo (2005) The title of this report is quite longer. It communicates and points out the study population. The title does not bring out the key variables used in carrying out the research. The researchers just pointed out the emerging trends in the Singaporean Chinese women (Foo, 2005). One can argue out that the researcher would have specified the major emerging trend among the specified group of women. The reports abstract was excellently done. The methods used are also clearly recorded and disproportionate random sampling method was used. The results were presented in percentages. A conclusion was included the last part of the abstract that breastfeeding awareness benefits is rising in Singapore but health policies may need to target the less educated women in future (Foo, 2005). The abstract however fails to bring out the problem statement of the research. In the introduction, the researcher brings out the problem statement of the research in a clear and an unambiguous manner. A reader can clearly see that actual breastfeeding practices fall short of the required guidelines to breastfeed babies to up to 6 months. The problem statement then builds a persuasive argument or problem that need to be solved (Jakubec and Astle, 2012). The research problem is significant in nursing for the information obtained would be used to educate the breastfeeding mothers in Singapore. The introduction documents a good match between the research problem and the methods used for a quantitative approach. Research design of the report was rigorously done according to the purpose of the report. The numbers of data collection points were appropriate because they used disproportionate stratified random sampling methods for a specified age of children (Jakubec and Astle, 2012). To reduce biases, the researcher made sure that all the clinical examinations were carried out by trained professionals. Attrition minimization has not been brought out well in the study design. In sampling and testing, the sample population was identified. There were a total of 3009 children that participated in the study. The researchers fail to describe the sample in sufficient details. Looking at the sample size of 3009 children that participated would be too large to take care of. The sampling design was however appropriate because there was disproportionate choosing of sample children in a random manner (Foo, 2005). The sample biases would have been reduced by reducing the sample size. Data collection was excellently carried out by having operational and conceptual definitions included. They included combination feeding which involved feeding breast and non-breast milk via the bottle and replacement feeding consisted feeding commercial formula feed excluding breast milk. Key variables were operationalized using methods such as interviews by use of questionnaires (Foo, 2005). The methods failed to describe the specific instruments used to achieve the study purpose and study population. The report does not give any evidence that the data collection methods were reliable and valid. Procedures in carrying out the research are not clear or adequately described. There is no evidence whether the participants allocated to the intervention group actually received it. However, there is evidence that the people who carried out the research were trained because it is documented that to reduce biases, the researcher made sure that all the clinical examinations were carried out by trained professionals (Foo, 2005). The findings were presented in a simple way by use of tables and graphs. It was easy to interpret the findings according to the way they were presented like the demographic findings, breastfeeding duration among the Singaporean women and the form of breastfeeding for different women. The information is presented in a manner that facilitated a meta-analysis and has quite sufficient information needed for EBP (Evidence-Based Practice). The discussion had all the major findings interpreted within the context of prior research. One of the findings was that initiation of breastfeeding and duration increased with a more recent birth year and was not dependently associated with higher maternal education (Buie, 2010). The researcher explains that this information is one of the most recent ones in Singapore about the breastfeeding practices. Similarities and Variations between the Two Articles There are several ways in which the articles are similar to each other. The abstracts of the articles concisely and clearly summarize the main features of the research papers by stating the aim of the articles. Both articles aim at finding out the trending issues among mothers in breastfeeding practices. Both articles fail to bring out the problem statement in the abstract although it is shown in the introduction parts of the articles (Jakubec and Astle, 2012). The two articles are similar in their problem statements. The first papers problem statement states that despite the regulations that are put in place, there are organizations which go against the regulations and making it difficult for such nurses to strike a balance between work and breastfeeding (Hirani and Karmaliani, 2013).The problem statement is well stated and straight forward. The second articles problem statement points out that employed mothers are aware of the importance of breastfeeding babies and thus the modern mothers are faced with challenges to breastfeed and work. Both articles were similar in that the findings brought the researchers into similar conclusions. The researcher in the first article concluded that in order for the nurses babies to have a healthy life, they have to balance their work and breastfeeding (A, H, and K, 2016). The assistance received from their work places can be important for the nurses to continue breastfeeding and hence act as good role models for their patients. The second articles conclusion was that there was a disparity in practices between women of different levels of education levels (Stannard, 2012).There should be additional programs apart from health facilities that educate mothers with low education the importance of breastfeeding. There should also be initiatives in workplaces to support breastfeeding mothers for their kids to live a healthy life. The articles were similar in that, in the discussions, there was interpretation of the major findings that are interpreted within the context of the studys framework. The discussion captured the information on how the nurses were willing to balance their work responsibilities and breastfeeding their babies adequately. Interpretations of the results are also consistent with the study and study limitations (Wu, Kuo and Lin, 2008). Both reports addressed the issues at hand in a generalized manner according to the findings. The discussions draw casual inferences. One of the conclusions derived was that despite the females working conditions, all the females shared the same breastfeeding conditions. The articles have several variations. The difference between the two articles may be that one exclusively was focusing on breastfeeding Taiwan nurses while the other focused both at the children and breastfeeding women at Singapore. In the first article about Taiwan nurses, findings are not presented in a summarized way with use of excerpts. The report would have been better if the findings were presented in figures and tables (Buie, 2010). The analysis yielded a meaningful picture of the phenomenon in question in viewing breastfeeding as part of life. The article about Singaporean women presents the findings in a simple way by use of tables and graphs. It was easy to interpret the findings according to the way they were presented like the demographic findings, breastfeeding duration among the Singaporean women and the form of breastfeeding for different women. The information is presented in a manner that facilitates a meta-analysis and has quite sufficient information needed for EB P. The first article about Taiwan nurses presents the findings in three broad categories. The first is managing how to express milk which gave report on finding of appropriate time to express milk during the day and at night (Brodribb, 2014). Managing milk expression involved expressing all the milk from the graveyard shift. The nurses had different opinions on expressing milk and some explained how they did not have time to express milk at any time due to work and it really gave them a bad feeling. Viewing breastfeeding as part of life was another category where most nurses breastfed their babies at home before going out (Polit and Beck, 2014). The article about Singaporean women is different from the one as the results were nicely derived from analysis of each research questions. This was done by use of different statistical tests like t-test. T-test was used to find out the relationship between breastfeeding initiation and the characteristics of the participant (Buie, 2010). The relationship between breastfeeding method and content and the characteristics of the participant was determined using ANOVA. The two statistical methods were appropriate to determine the relationship between the variables given. The article about the nurses has results; data management and analysis that are not clearly described. Content analysis led to objective exploration of the needed material and identification of the important themes. The strategy used to analyze the data was compatible with the research tradition, in that, all the text was included in analyzing the data (Netshandama, 2012). Every interview was also reviewed severally to ensure that the researchers had the gained the required content. Analysis of the interviews was adequate and it led to development of appropriate themes. However, the researcher did not suggest the possibilities of having any biases in the analytic procedures unlike the article about Singaporean women (Johnston and Esposito, 2007). The second article about Chinese Singaporean women has its findings presented in graphs and tables. Demographic findings are that there were a total of 3009 children that participated in the study where 52.2% were boys and 47.8% were girls (Shapiro and Donaldson, 2008). The findings were that 77% of mothers in STARS initiated breastfeeding (Boralingiah, Polineni, Kulkarni and Manjunath, 2016). It was found out that the method of feeding was related to year of birth and the education level of the mother (Lawrence, 2014). The other finding is that the content of breastfeeding that is, whether it was complementary, exclusive or replacement also changed with maternal education and year of birth. In the conclusion, the article documented that it provided information about the recent patterns on breastfeeding in Singaporean women. A Review and Synthesis of Findings and Conclusions The first article about Taiwan nurses presents the findings in three broad categories. The first is managing how to express milk which gave report on finding of appropriate time to express milk during the day and at night. The second article about Chinese Singaporean women has its findings presented in graphs and tables (Merriel, 2015).There should be additional programs apart from health facilities that educate mothers with low education the importance of breastfeeding. There should also be initiatives in workplaces to support breastfeeding mothers for their kids to live a healthy life. The difference between the two articles may be that one exclusively was focusing on breastfeeding Taiwan nurses while the other focused both at the children and breastfeeding women at Singapore (Harne, Batra, Faridi and Dewan, 2013). The article on Singaporean women had its findings well summarized in graphs and tables while the article on Taiwan nurses did not have a good presentation of its findings. Both papers however came into the same conclusion; that there was a disparity in practices between women of different levels of education levels (Merriel, 2015). There should be additional programs apart from health facilities that educate mothers with low education the importance of breastfeeding. There should also be initiatives in workplaces to support breastfeeding mothers to enable babies to live a healthy life. References A., A., H., S., K., M. (2016). A study of breastfeeding practices among working women in urban area of Davangere, Karnataka, India. International Journal Of Contemporary Pediatrics, 645-648. https://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20161056 Artzi-Medvedik, R., Chertok, I., Romem, Y. (2011). Nurses' attitudes towards breastfeeding among women with schizophrenia in southern Israel. Journal Of Psychiatric And Mental Health Nursing, 19(8), 702-708. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2011.01846.x Boralingiah, P., Polineni, V., Kulkarni, P., Manjunath, R. 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